By the end of the ninth century they had vanished. In the eighth century, the Picts had one of the most important kingdoms in Britain. Lindisfarne was abandoned, and the monks trailed around northern England with their greatest possession, the relics of St Cuthbert, until they found a home in Durham in 995 AD. Other monasteries in Scotland and northern England simply disappear from the record. The remaining monks fled to Kells (County Meath, Ireland) with a gospel-book probably produced in Iona, but now known as the 'Book of Kells'. Iona was burnt in 802 AD, and 68 monks were killed in another raid in 806 AD. We know no historical details of the raids in Scotland, although they must have been extensive. Over the next few decades, many monasteries in the north were destroyed, and with them any records they might have kept of the raids. Alcuin suggested that further attack might be averted by moral reform in the monastery. It is clear from the letter that Lindisfarne was not destroyed. In 793 AD, an anguished Alcuin of York wrote to the Higbald, the bishop of Lindisfarne and to Ethelred, King of Northumbria, bemoaning the unexpected attack on the monastery of Lindisfarne by Viking raiders, probably Norwegians sailing directly across the North Sea to Northumbria. The indigenous peoples were from Christian and Islamic traditions speaking Arabic, Greek, and Syriac.Yet the most significant development of the period was an indirect result of Scandinavian involvement in the affairs of Britain - the emergence of two kingdoms of newly unified territories, England and Scotland. Their consensus view was that the Franks, as the western Europeans were known, lived as a minority society that was largely urban, isolated from the indigenous peoples, with separate legal and religious systems. The study of the crusader states in their own right, as opposed to being a sub-topic of the Crusades, began in 19th-century France as an analogy to the French colonial experience in the Levant. When Acre, the capital of the kingdom of Jerusalem, fell in 1291, the last territories were quickly lost, with the survivors fleeing to the Kingdom of Cyprus (established after the Third Crusade). Antioch was captured in 1268 and Tripoli in 1289. Edessa fell to a Turkish warlord in 1144, but the other realms endured into the 13th century before falling to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. At the states' largest extent, their territory covered the coastal areas of southern modern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine. Territorial consolidation followed, including the taking of Tripoli. In 1099, Jerusalem was taken after a siege. The crusader Baldwin of Boulogne replaced the Greek Orthodox ruler of Edessa after a coup d'état, and Bohemond of Taranto remained as the ruling prince in the captured city of Antioch. In 1098, the armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem passed through Syria. The term Outremer, used by medieval and modern writers as a synonym, is derived from the French for overseas. The description "Crusader states" can be misleading, as from 1130 very few of the Frankish population were crusaders. The other northern states covered what are now Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and Lebanon. The Kingdom of Jerusalem covered what is now Israel and Palestine, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and adjacent areas. The four states were the County of Edessa (1098–1150), the Principality of Antioch (1098–1287), the County of Tripoli (1102–1289), and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291). These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political intrigue. The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. Wikipedia Rate this definition: 0.0 / 0 votes
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